Llama Facts

The llama (Lama glama) is a large, furry mammal that was domesticated in South America thousands of years ago for meat, fur, and as pack animal. Although related to camels, llamas dont have humps. Llamas are close relatives of alpacas, vicuà ±as, and guanacos. Although they are all different species, a group of llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicuà ±as may be called lamoids or simply llamas. Fast Facts: Llama Scientific Name: Lama glamaCommon Name: LlamaBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 5 feet 7 inches - 5 feet 11 inchesWeight: 290-440 poundsLifespan: 15-25 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: From the Andes Mountains of South AmericaPopulation: MillionsConservation Status: Not evaluated (domestic animal) Description Llamas and other lamoids have cloven feet, short tails, and long necks. A llama has long banana-shaped ears and a cleft upper lip. Mature llamas have modified canine and incisor teeth called fighting teeth or fangs. Generally, these teeth are removed from intact males, as they can injure other males during fights for dominance. Llamas occur in many colors, including white, black, brown, tan, gray, and piebald. The fur may be short-coated (Ccara) or medium-coated (Curaca). Adults range from 5 feet 7 inches to 5 feet 11 inches in height and weigh between 290 and 440 pounds. Habitat and Distribution Llamas were domesticated in Peru around 4,000 to 5,000 years ago from wild guanacos. However, the animals actually came from North America and moved to South America following the Ice Age. Today, llamas are raised all over the world. Several million live in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Llamas and alpacas resulted from domestication of guanacos and vicunas in the Andes. Diet Llamas are herbivores that graze on a wide variety of plants. They typically eat corn, alfalfa, and grass. Although llamas regurgitate and re-chew food like sheep and cattle, they have a three-compartment stomach and are not ruminants. The llama has a very long large intestine that allows it to digest cellulose-rich plants and also survive on much less water than most mammals. Behavior Llamas are herd animals. Except for dominance disputes, they dont usually bite. They spit, wrestle, and kick to establish social rank and fight off predators. Llamas are intelligent and easily halter-trained. They can carry between 25% and 30% of their weight for a distance of 5 to 8 miles. Reproduction and Offspring Unlike most large animals, llamas are induced ovulators. That is, they ovulate as a result of mating rather than going into estrus or heat. Llamas mate lying down. Gestation lasts 350 days (11.5 months) and results in a single newborn, which is called a cria. Crias stand, walk, and nurse within an hour after birth. Llama tongues dont reach far enough outside their mouths for the mother to lick her young dry, so llamas have evolved to give birth in warm daylight hours. Female llamas become sexually mature at one year of age. Males mature later, around three years of age. Llamas usually live 15 to 25 years, but some live 30 years. A male dromedary camel and female llama can produce a hybrid known as a cama. Due to the size difference between camels and llamas, camas only result from artificial insemination. A llama and her cria. Jonne Seijdel, Getty Images Conservation Status Because they are domesticated animals, llamas do not have a conservation status. The wild ancestor of the llama, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), is classified as least concern by the IUCN. There are over a million guanacos and their population size is increasing. Llamas and Humans In the pre-Incan and Incan cultures, llamas were used as pack animals, for meat, and for fiber. Their fur is soft, warm, and lanolin-free. Llama dung was an important fertilizer. In modern society, llamas are still raised for all of these reasons, plus they are valuable guard animals for sheep and goats. Llamas bond with livestock and help protect lambs from coyotes, feral dogs, and other predators. How to Tell Llamas and Alpacas Apart While both llamas and alpacas may be grouped as llamas, they are separate camelid species. Llamas are larger than alpacas and occur in more colors. A llamas face is more elongated and its ears are larger and banana-shaped. Alpacas have flatter faces and smaller, straight ears. Sources Birutta, Gale. A Guide to Raising Llamas. 1997. ISBN 0-88266-954-0.Kurtà ©n, Bjà ¶rn and Elaine Anderson. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 307, 1980. ISBN 0231037333.Perry, Roger. Wonders of Llamas. Dodd, Mead Company. p. 7, 1977. ISBN 0-396-07460-X.Walker, Cameron. Guard Llamas Keep Sheep Safe From Coyotes. National Geographic. June 10, 2003.Wheeler, Dr Jane; Miranda Kadwell; Matilde Fernandez; Helen F. Stanley; Ricardo Baldi; Raul Rosadio; Michael W. Bruford. Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1485): 2575–2584, 2001. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1774

The Social Security Act - 1179 Words

Introduction A. National Scale In the United States, child support is court mandated and requires the non-custodial parent of a minor or minors to make payments to ensure that their child is financially taken care of. Title IV-D of the Social Security Act requires that all States establish a comprehensive program which works to locate non-custodial parents of children receiving welfare and to obtain child support from any parents located (Saltzman, Furman, and Ohman, 2014). Many incarcerated offenders are unaware that their child support payments accrue while they are incarcerated, potentially leading to a financial nightmare. A parent’s incarceration may not allow deviation from the guidelines set forth by the state. As seen in State†¦show more content†¦A downward modification petition, requests a hearing for a judge to. In 2010, the state enacted changes to the New York Family Court Act and Domestic Relations Law. This new law specifically states that â€Å"incarceration shal l not be a bar to finding a substantial change in circumstances† as long as the incarceration is not for nonpayment of support, or an offense against the custodial parent or child. The amendment now allows the courts to modify support orders for incarcerated parents whenever appropriate, preventing accumulation of uncollectible arrears (Child Support, 2015). Child support orders prior to October 12, 2010 are subject to incarceration being treated as â€Å"voluntary unemployment† and typically may not be modified. Child support orders after October 12, 2010, incarceration shall not be a bar to finding a substantial change in circumstances provided such incarceration is not the result of nonpayment of an order of support for child support, or an offense against the custodial parent or the child who is the subject of the judgment (Child Support, 2015). Additionally, incarcerated offenders can request enrollment in the Arrears Cap Program, which can limit child support debt owed to the government, also known as the New York City Department of Social Services (DSS) due to their income falling below the poverty line. Unfortunately, if an incarcerated offender has missed payments on their child support order, the downward modification onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Social Security Act1240 Words   |  5 PagesA. Is Shirley Caretaker disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act in that she meets the requirements of the disabling listing for 12.04 affective disorders in 20 C.F.R. Appendix 1 to Subpart P of Part 404-Listing of impairments? With respect the answer is yes for the reasons stated in the Argument section of this brief. B. Is Shirley Caretaker disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act in that she meets the combined requirements of the listings for 1.01 and 1.02(a)(b)Read MoreThe Social Security Act2877 Words   |  12 PagesTitle XIX of the Social Security Act (Title XIX) included the regulations and implementation standards for Medicaid. Medicaid is a federal program that was established in 1965 under the Title XIX law. This law detailed and described the roles of both the federal and state government in the administration of Medicaid. Federal laws outlined the overall components of the program with mandated and optional inclusions: payment limits, beneficiary eligibility requirements, amount of coverage for medicalRead MoreThe Social Security Act Of 19351623 Words   |  7 Pages The Social Security Act of 1935 brought about several changes in the world. The Social Security Act of 1935 bill was passed on April 14, 1935 and signed into law on August 14, 1935 with President Fr anklin D. Roosevelt in office. The Social Security Act was established to assist the elderly, old-aged workers, individuals involved in industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, the blind, and the physically and mentally disabled. Efforts in getting the Social Security Act of 1935 passed involvedRead MoreThe Social Security Act Of 19351679 Words   |  7 PagesThe passing of the Social Security Act generated a social insurance program that protected a multiplicity of people by supplying a monthly benefit to societal individuals age 65 and older who were no longer actively working; it was a means of income to individuals once they retired and was based on the person’s payroll tax contribution (Martin Weaver, 2005). The longer amount of years a person was employed, the higher their benefit amount is set to be. Social weighing was a method they used toRead MoreThe Social Security Act Of 19351541 Words   |  7 PagesHistory Social Security has strayed from the first bill that was signed by President F. Roosevelt 80 years ago. The Social Security Act was signed by FDR on 8/14/35. Taxes were collected for the first time in January 1937 and the first one-time, lump-sum payments were made that same month. Regular ongoing monthly benefits started in January 1940... The term was first used in the U.S. by Abraham Epstein in connection with his group, the American Association for Social Security. Originally, the SocialRead MoreSocial Security Act Essay950 Words   |  4 Pages It is about eighty two years since Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Social Security Act. FDR stated â€Å"We can never insure one hundred percent of the population against one hundred percent of the hazards and vicissitudes of life...we have tried to frame a law which will give some measure of protection to the average citizen and to his family against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old age.† The social security plan had established itself as one of the most popular federal program. The programRead MoreSocial Security Act Of 19351167 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Security Act of 1935 We all can agree that in the past years there has been many events that has impacted America. One ever lasting effect was left by the Social Security Act of 1935. The Social Security programs are designed to protect individual families from income loss due to unemployment, sickness, old age, death, and to improve citizens welfare (Why Social Security?2015). Through public service and economic assistance, with a task of raising a family. Leaving a huge impact on AmericaRead MoreThe Social Security Act Of 19351496 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Social Security Act of 1935 [H.R. 7260] was a bill that was signed on August 14, 1935 by President, Franklin D. Roosevelt. The act was established to help the elderly, disabled, or families who have lost a parent or spouse. The Social Security Act also known as SSA, was created to provide disadvantaged populations federal benefits. The act has a total of eleven titles ranging from the topics of the elderly, unemployed, child welfare, public health, and the blind. This paper willRead MoreSocial Security Act Of 1930908 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Security Act In 1930’s the Great Depression triggered a crises in the nation’s economic life. The Great Depression left millions of people unemployed and penniless. People consider leaving their farms behind to work in the cities factories to send money home. But as they grow into their new lifestyles the aging parent would stay behind to keep their dream of landowner ship. The seniors would be left in the hardest times of need living off the land. President Roosevelt’s New Deal was createdRead MoreSocial Security Act Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesThe Social Security Act of 1935, signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, created a program that included social insurance programs, as well as public assistance. Both programs came about due to the depression and were created as part of the New Deal to benefit the citizens who needed assistance. While both programs were created to assist the public, each program had different eligibility requirements and accomplished different tasks. Social insurance programs were designed to provide continuing income

Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Compare post-traumatic stress disorders and adjustment disorders in terms of their clinical descriptions. 2.Discuss current research in the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Answers: Introduction: This paper provides an insight into clinical symptoms in patients suffering from post traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder and main clinical differences in both the condition. It also provides a detailed discussion on current research in the prevention and treatment of PTSD. The paper also develops arguments related to the effectiveness and utility of different interventions for PTSD. 1.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a kind of emotional disorder occurring in an individual after experiencing sudden trauma such as assault, natural disaster or sudden deaths of loves one (Barlow Durand, 2015). According DSM-5 criteria for mental illness, for people to be diagnosed with PTSD, they must have a history of exposure to the traumatic event and symptoms like changes in cognition and mood, nightmares or flashback of event, trauma related thoughts and arousals like aggression, risky behavior and difficulty in sleeping (Friedman, 2014). Adjustment disorder is also a trauma or stress related disorder associated with abnormal reaction to life stressors in affected individuals. The main clinical symptoms of adjustment disorder include depressed mood, agitation, anxiety, withdrawal and poor social or work performance (Glaesmer et al., 2015). The main clinical difference between PTSD and adjustment disorder is that PTSD is a more severe form of disorder with long lasting symptoms. However, adjustment disorder is a disease of short duration. Hence, adjustment disorder can be regarded as a short term condition, where people fail to cope with major life changes and the symptoms are temporary, whereas PTSD is a long term and life threatening condition. The difference in severity of both disease is also understood from the fact that PTSD has been defined a specific mental disorder as per DSM-V criteria, but no such criteria exist for adjustment disorder. 2.PTSD is a several psychological disorder seen in people after a traumatic events leading to symptoms of avoidance, emotional numbing and hyperarousal. There are various challenges associated with treatment of PTSD in different individuals due to their individual life circumstances and differences in occurrence of symptoms overtime (Abdelghaffar et al., 2016). Hence, evaluating the current research on prevention and treatment of PTSD is essential to determines interventions which are most effective in promoting recovery of PTSD patient. The review of current research has given insight about different preventive and treatment options to minimize disabling consequence in patients after traumatic events. Qi, Gevonden Shalev,(2016) informed about interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to treat patient. The main purpose of CBT is to minimize symptoms by challenging patients beliefs about trauma and provide sense of control to patient to safely deal with trauma-related reminders. CBT is given to patient either individually or as group. However, the researcher argued that moderately positive outcomes have been found in patient and effectiveness of the intervention is found to be consistent in research studies. Rothbaume et al. (2012) showed that efficacy of CBT as an early intervention for patient is dependent on the type of traumatic events an individual has been exposed. Hence, according to this argument, studies investigating about CBT in people with different types of trauma are needed to understand its benefits as an early intervention for PTSD patient. Kar, (2011) was found to most suitable research that reviewed the effectiveness of CBT for treating PTSD people with different types of trauma. In case of effectiveness of CBT for PTSD patients exposed to terrorism and war related trauma, it was found that CBT acted as a promising intervention for patients as the implementation of therapy improved social functioning of patients and reduced symptoms of PTSD. CBT was also found as an effective intervention for people with sexual assault and accident related trauma. However, there is limited evidence regarding effectiveness in refugee patients. Hence, from this evidence, it can be confirmed that CBT is an efficacious intervention to lower PTSD score in patients with different types of trauma events. Acute stress disorder is regarded as a precursor of PTSD, however reduction in number of patients meeting the criteria for PTSD after five session of CBT compared to those receiving counseling also suggest the effectiveness of CBT as a preve ntive method for CBT (Nixon Sterk, Pearce, 2012).. To maximize the effectiveness of the intervention, there is a need to address methodological challenges like culture issues in implementing interventions, training needs of therapist and proper integration of CBT with internet (Kar, 2011). These considerations will further enhance the value of CBT for at-risk individuals. Exposure therapy is also one of the behavioral therapy to treat PTSD. It is also a based theory based therapy where therapists encourage patients to re-experience the traumatic event instead of avoiding it. Such kind of exposure is found to reduce trauma-induced psychological disturbance in patient. For example, it is very common for patients experiencing traumatic events to avoid talking about the trauma or visiting the place associated with trauma. However, exposure therapy aims to reduce symptoms of fear and avoidance in patients. It is one of the effective first line treatments for PTSD (Rauch et al., 2012). A study by King et al., (2016) investigating about the impact of mindfulness-based exposure therapy (MBET) has revealed that mindfulness based training in exposure therapy minimizes the issue of early drop-out rate and increases emotional regulation in patients with PTSD. The study was done in two participants group- one receiving mindfulness based therapy and the other recei ving group therapy. The assessment of PTSD symptoms before and after the therapy showed increased activity in anterior cingulated cortex, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and left amygdale. This indicates that MBET therapy is effective in changing the neural processing of socio-emotional threat related to the traumatic event. Although the sample size was small, however the study gave good evidence regarding the effectiveness of the therapy in symptoms reduction for PTSD patients. CBT is a behavioral intervention to reduce adverse symptoms and improve functioning in patients with PTSD. Apart from behavioral intervention, many pharmacological interventions is also used for the prevention and treatment of PTSD. Hydrocortisone is one of the pharmacological agents involved in treating patients with PTSD. The review of research on the effectiveness of hydrocortisone has revealed that moderate quality of evidence for the efficacy of the drug in treating PTSD development in adults. There are other drugs like propranolol, morphine and benzodiapine for treating the disorder, however there is limited evidence to prove their true impact on patient outcome (Amos, Stein Ipser, 2014). Many drugs have been reviewed for efficacy and acceptability among PTSD patient group. Although, robust evidence for efficacy has not been found, however phenelzine has emerged as a good drug of choice and more future trials needs to be done to use its for treating PTSD (Cipriani et al., 2017 ). Current research also gave indication about eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention for patients with PTSD. It is a kind of psychotherapy in which utilizes eye movements to support clients in safely processing distressing memories and beliefs. It is a validated and efficient treatment approach to address psychological and physiological symptoms in patient with adverse life experience (Shapiro, 2014). Nijdam et al., (2012) used randomized controlled trial method to compare the efficacy of eclectic psychotherapy with EMDR for PTSD. The assessment of two patient group on outcome measures related to anxiety, depression and clinical PTSD symptoms showed both interventions to be effectiveness. However, the advantage of EMDR compared to other therapy was that good response rate was achieved. This proves that EMDR can promote faster recovery of patients suffering from PTSD. Conclusion: From the review of current research on PTSD, CBT is identified as good preventive options for treatment of PTSD at the early stage of risk. In addition, exposure therapy and EMDR have emerged as effective interventions both in terms of clinical outcome and response received from patients with PTSD. References: Abdelghaffar, W., Ouali, U., Jomli, R., Zgueb, Y., Nacef, F. (2016). Post-traumatic stress disorder in first episode psychosis: Prevalence and related factors.Clinical Schizophrenia related psychoses. Amos, T., Stein, D. J., Ipser, J. C. (2014). Pharmacological interventions for preventing post?traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).The Cochrane Library. Barlow, D. H., Durand, V. M. (2015). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (7th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Cipriani, A., Williams, T., Nikolakopoulou, A., Salanti, G., Chaimani, A., Ipser, J., ... Stein, D. J. (2017). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a network meta-analysis.Psychological medicine, 1-10. Friedman, M.J., 2014. PTSD: national center for PTSD.PTSD History and Overview. Retreived from: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/dsm5_criteria_ptsd.asp Glaesmer, H., Romppel, M., Brhler, E., Hinz, A., Maercker, A. (2015). Adjustment disorder as proposed for ICD-11: Dimensionality and symptom differentiation.Psychiatry research,229(3), 940-948. Kar, N. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review.Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment,7, 167. King, A. P., Block, S. R., Sripada, R. K., Rauch, S. A., Porter, K. E., Favorite, T. K., ... Liberzon, I. (2016). A pilot study of mindfulness-based exposure therapy in OEF/OIF combat veterans with ptsd: altered medial frontal cortex and amygdala responses in socialemotional processing.Frontiers in psychiatry,7, 154. Nijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P., Reitsma, J. B., de Jongh, A., Olff, M. (2012). Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: randomised controlled trial.The British Journal of Psychiatry,200(3), 224-231. Nixon, R. D. V., Sterk, J., Pearce, A. (2012). A randomized trial of cognitive behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy for children with posttraumatic stress disorder following single-incident trauma.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,40(3), 327-337. Qi, W., Gevonden, M., Shalev, A. (2016). Prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder after trauma: Current evidence and future directions.Current psychiatry reports,18(2), 20. Rauch, M., Sheila, A., Eftekhari, A., Ruzek, J. I. (2012). Review of exposure therapy: A gold standard for PTSD treatment.Journal of Rehabilitation Research Development,49(5). Rothbaum, B. O., Kearns, M. C., Price, M., Malcoun, E., Davis, M., Ressler, K. J., ... Houry, D. (2012). Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure.Biological Psychiatry,72(11), 957-963. Shapiro, F. (2014). The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences.The Permanente Journal,18(1), 71.

The 1960s Happenings, Causes, And Effects Essays -

The 1960s: Happenings, Causes, and Effects Many social changes that were addressed in the 1960s are still the issues being confronted today. the '60s was a decade of social and political upheaval. in spite of all the turmoil, there were some positive results: the civil rights revolution, john f. Kennedy's bold vision of a new frontier, and the breathtaking advances in space, helped bring about progress and prosperity. however, much was negative: student and anti-war protest movements, political assassinations, and ghetto riots excited american people and resulted in lack of respect for authority and the law. The decade began under the shadow of the cold war with the soviet union, which was aggravated by the u-2 incident, the berlin wall, and the cuban missile crisis, along with the space race with the ussr. The decade ended under the shadow of the viet nam war, which deeply divided americans and their allies and damaged the country's self-confidence and sense of purpose. Even if you weren't alive during the '60s, you know what they meant when they said, "tune in, turn on, drop out." you know why the nation celebrates Martin luther king, jr.'s birthday. all of the social issues are reflected in today's society: the civil rights movement, the student movement, space exploration, the sexual revolution, the environment, medicine and health, and fun and fashion. The Civil Rights Movement The momentum of the previous decade's civil rights gains led by rev. Martin luther king, jr. carried over into the 1960s. but for most blacks, the tangible results were minimal. only a minuscule percentage of black children actually attended integrated schools, and in the south, "jim crow" practices barred blacks from jobs and public places. New groups and goals were formed, new tactics devised, to push forward for full equality. as often as not, white resistance resulted in violence. this violence spilled across tv screens nationwide. the average, neutral american, after seeing his/her tv screen, turned into a civil rights supporter. Black unity and white support continued to grow. in 1962, with the first large-scale public protest against racial discrimination, rev. Martin luther king, jr. Gave a dramatic and inspirational speech in washington, d.c. After a long march of thousands to the capital. the possibility of riot and bloodshed was always there, but the marchers took that chance so that they could accept the responsibilities of first class citizens. "the negro," King said in this speech, "lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity and finds himself an exile in his own land." King continued stolidly: "it would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the negro. this sweltering summer of the negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality." when King came to the end of his prepared text, he swept right on into an exhibition of impromptu oratory that was catching, dramatic, and inspirational. "I have a dream," King cried out. the crowd began cheering, but king, never pausing, brought silence as he continued, "i have a dream that one day on the red hills of georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood." "I have a dream," he went on, relentlessly shouting down the thunderous swell of applause, "that even the state of mississippi, a state sweltering with people's injustices, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. i have dream," cried King for the last time, "that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." Everyone agreed the march was a success and they wanted action now! but, now! remained a long way off. president kennedy was never able to mobilize sufficient support to pass a civil rights bill with teeth over the opposition of segregationist southern members of congress. but after his assassination, president johnson, drawing on the kennedy legacy and on the press coverage of civil rights marches and protests, succeeded where kennedy had failed. However, by the summer of 1964, the black revolution had created its own crisis of disappointed expectations. rioting by urban blacks was to be a feature of every "long, hot, summer" of the mid-1960s. In 1965, King and other black leaders wanted to push